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Bipolar disorder tx Carcinoid syndrome tx Octreotide Immediate anticoagulation tx Heparin Infertility tx Leuprolide, GnRH pulsatile , clomiphene Haemophilus Influenzae B tx Rifampin prophylaxis Influenza tx Oseltamivir, zanamivir Reassortment ability due to segmented nature Kawasaki line disease tx Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Wegener tx Legionella pneumophila tx Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids Large necrotizing granulomas UTI E.
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe HSV-1 Vitamin Deficiency U. Folate pregnant women at high risk, body stores only month supply, prevents neural tube defects High homocysteine, normal MMA Hypercholesterolemia tx Statin first-line Long-term anticoagulation tx Warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban Malignant hyperthermia tx Dantrolene Medical abortion tx Mifepristone Migraine tx Abortive therapies e.
Multiple Sclerosis tx Disease-modifying therapies e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis tx RIPE rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol Neisseria gonorrhoeae tx Ceftriaxone add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent C. Neural tube defect prevention tx Prenatal folic acid SIADH tx Hydroxyurea Increase fetal hemoglobin Osteoporosis Trabecular spongy bone loss tx Patent ductus arteriosus tx Pheochromocytoma tx Pneumocystis jirovecii tx Sporothrix schenckii tx Itraconazole, oral potassium iodide Stable angina tx Sublingual Nitroglycerin Streptococcus analogs, SERMs, calcitonin, denosumab bovis tx treatment Stretococcus phenoxybenzamine , then beta blockers pyogenes tx Prior to excision Tonic-clonic agonists seizures tx Levetiracetam, phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine Prostate adenocarcinoma tx Flutamide competitive inhibitor of androgen Rickettsia Rickettsii tx Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol Schizophrenia negative symptoms tx Schizophrenia positive symptoms tx High-dose steroids Treponema pallidum tx Penicillin Trichomonas vaginalis tx Metronidazole patient and partner Trigeminal neuralgia tic douloureux tx Carbamazepine Ulcerative Colitis tx 5-ASA preparations e.
Warfarin reversal tx Fresh frozen plasma acute , vitamin K chronic Actinic solar keratosis Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns Curling ulcer greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa Alternating areas of transmural inflammation leading to rare enterocuteaneous fistulas and normal colon, with noncaseating granulomas Skip lesions Crohn Disease Aortic aneurysm, abdominal Cause: HTN and atherosclerosis of vaso vasorum Presents with tearing chest pain to back Type A: ascending and urgent B: descending and B-blockers Complications: pericaridal tamponade or renal failure Atrophy of the mammillary bodies Wernicke encephalopathy thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion Bacterial meningitis newborns and kids Breast cancer Invasive ductal carcinoma tubular, good pronosis; mucinous not shown, poor prognosis Krukenberg tumor mucin-secreting signet ring cells Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency Bernard-Soulier syndrome defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor Enlarged platelets, and low count on blood smear Big suckers Normal PTT Negative ristocetin coag Breast mass Breast tumor benign Fibrocystic change, Carcinoma in postmenopausal women Fibroadenoma Cardiac primary tumor kids Brain tumor adults Supratentorial: metastasis, glioblastoma multiforme astrocytoma , meningioma benign , schwannoma MGM Studios Brain tumor kids Infratentorial: medulloblastoma cerebellum , pilocytoma GFAP Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma cerebrum - rathke's pouch Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis hamartomas, renal angiofibromas, mitral regurg, and ash-leaf spots Cardiac tumor adults Congenital cardiac anomaly VSD Size of defect determines severity Left to Right shunt reverses later in life due to pulmonary hypertension Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia black liver Cerebellar tonsillar herniation Dubin-Johnson syndrome inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile loss of MRP2 protein , epinephrine metabolite not degraded Constrictive pericarditis in developing world Tb developing world Idiopathic, viral illness developed world Kussmaul sign, JVP, pericardial knock Cushing's syndrome Iatrogenic from corticosteroid therapy Adrenocortical adenoma secretes excess cortisol ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma Cushing disease Paraneoplastic due to ACTH secretion by tumors, ie small cell lung cancer Cyanosis early; less common Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great vessels, truncus arteriosus Death in SLE Lupus nephropathy, specifically diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis Chronic atrophic gastritis autoimmune Predisposition to gastric carcinoma can also cause pernicious anemia Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina DES exposure in utero Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension hydroxylase deficiency DIC causes Gynecologic malignancy Endometrial carcinoma most common in US ; cervical carcinoma most common worldwide Heart murmur Iron spoon nails-koilonychia, fatigue, pica Diverticulum in pharynx Mitral valve prolapse with mid systolic click Zenker's diverticulum diagnosed by barium swallow Ejection click Aortic stenosis Esophageal cancer Squamous cell carcinoma worldwide , adenocarcinoma US Food poisoning S.
Glomerulonephritis adults Hematoma epidural Autosomal dominant, most common bleeding disorder Rupture of middle meningeal artery arterial bleeding is fast, trauma, lens shaped Branch from maxillary artery AD Pettichiae but no joint bleeds, normal platelet count Stabilizes factor 8 Increased PTT and increased bleeding time Abnormal ristocetin no aggregation Tx: desmopressin Hematoma subdural Hereditary harmless jaundice HLA-B27 Gilbert's syndrome benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia Rupture of bridging veins crescent shaped, slow bleeding Between dura and arachnoid Herniation of brain tissue Hemochromatosis Multiple blodd transfusions or heridtary HFE mutation can result HF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma Holosystolic murmur VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis Virchow's triad results in venous thrombosis Secondary hypertension Male cancer Renal artery stenosis, increase in plasma renin and unilateral atrophy of kidney Fibromuscular dysplasia in young women Hypoparathyroidism Accidental excision during thyroidectomy Infection in blood transfusion Hepatitis C Late cyanotic shunt uncorrected L to R becomes R to L Prostatic carcinoma dark nucleoli , grade based on architecture, not nuclear atypia Osteoblastic metastases in lumbar spine Myocarditis Malignancy kids Opening snap and diastolic rumble Mitral stenosis, chronic rheumatic fever Can lead to pulmonary HTN Nephrotic syndrome kids Minimal change disease Normal on light microscopy, effacement of foot processes Triggers: post infection, vaccine, or lymphoma Tx: prednisone Neuron migration failure Kallmann syndrome hypogonadotropic hypogonadism low GnRH and anosmia Nosocomial pneumonia S.
Osteomyelitis S. Osteomyelitis in IV drug users Pseudomonas, candida, s. Ovarian tumor benign, bilateral Serous cystadenoma Ovarian tumor malignant Pancreatitis acute EtOH and gallstones Pancreatitis chronic EtOH adults , cystic fibrosis kids Pelvic inflammatory disease C.
Philadelphia chromosome t 9;22 CML may sometimes be associated with poor prognosis ALL bcl-abl hybrid fusion protein, tyrosine kinase oncogene Basophils and left shift low Fc receptors but neg LAP leukocyte alkaline phosphatase Tx: Imatinib Pituitary tumor Primary amenorrhea Primary hyperaldosteronism Adenoma of adrenal cortex Primary hyperparathyroidism Adenomas, Hyperplasia, Carcinoma Primary liver cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease Renal tumor Temporal giant cell arteritis Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery, polymyalgia rheumatica high ESR, CRP Elderly females Granulomas and giant cell Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause Cor pulmonale S3 protodiastolic gallop Increased ventricular filling mitral regurgitation, HF , common in dilated ventricles S4 presystolic gallop Testicular tumor Young men: Seminoma malignant, radiosensitive, good progonsis -- opposite of nonseminoma Over age of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Secondary hyperparathyroidism Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease Sexually transmitted disease C.
Gonorrhoeae Site of diverticula Sigmoid colon Stomach cancer Adenocarcinoma Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels Zollinger-Ellison syndrome gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas Administration of secretin will increase acid, rather than the expected decrease Tumor in women Leiomyoma estrogen dependent, not precancerous, presents with multiple tumors with whorled pattern Tumor in infancy Tumor of the adrenal medulla adults Pheochromocytoma usually benign Chromaffin cells with large nuclei neural crest Relapsing remitting hypertension Type of nonHodgkin's Lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma Diffuse in sheets Can develop from follicular lymphoma Cardiac output Heart rate x stroke volume Hep B vs.
Hep C histology B: finely granular, homogenous, pale pink cytoplasm; C: lymphoid aggregates Midgut rotation in embryo If this process does not occur, the cecum will be fixed to the duodenum in the URQ via Ladd's Bands Pre-term infants have lower immune function, bacteria proliferate in bowel and cause ischemia and air in the bowel. Dx: thin curvilinear lines of lucency Sphincter of Oddi malfunction Opioid analgesics cause spasm of smooth muscle and increased bile duct pressure Cirrhosis prognosis tests Hypoalbuminemia, bilirubin, PT lack of clotting factors made How do you test biliary tract function?
Alk Phos and gamma-glutamyl transferase CF vs Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Kartagener PCD: immotile sperm, situs inversus, and bronchiectasis dilated bronchioles CF: absence of vas deferens, pancreatic insufficiency, mucus build up in lungs Polyhydramnios vs. Oligohydraminos LEFT side goes to renal vein more likely for varicocele RIGHT side goes to from IVC Poly: too much, inability to swallow duodenal atresia or anencephaly , caused by maternal diabetes, fetal anemia, multiple gestations Oligo: too little, inability to excrete urine renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves, placental insufficiency, ARPKD with portal hypertension , can cause potter sequence including pulmonary hypoplasia Adherens junction Cadherin proteins, loss promotes metastasis Hemidesmosomes Connexin proteins Direct vs.
Indirect hernia Isoretinoin as a teratogen Microcephaly, thymic hypoplasia, small ears, hydrocephalus MUST use contraception. Methimazole as a teratogen Thyroid drug: Aplasia cutis congenita: absent patch of epidermis on back of head hair Direct: Medial to inferior epigastric Sommatomammotropin human placental lactogen Secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast Warfarin as a teratogen like hCG , causing insulin resistance in pregnant women and gestational diabetes Alcohol as a teratogen Bone deformities stippled epiphysis , fetal hemorrhage, abortion, opthalmologic abnormalities, nasal hypoplasia Teratoma Benign in women, malignant in men Carbamazepine as a teratogen Facial dysmorpism.
Developmental delay. Neural tube defects. Finger hypoplasia. Alkylating agents as a teratogen Absent fingers and toes Diethylstilbestrol as a teratogen Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma. Mullerian anomalies. Folate antagonist Methotrexate as a teratogen Neural tube defects Leading cause of intellectual disability in the US. Retardation, microcephaly, facial abnormalities smooth philtrum, hypertelorism [eyes are wide apart] , limb dislocation, heart defects.
Heart-lung fistula and holoprosencepahyl. Failure of cell migration Cocaine as a teratogen Abnormal fetal growth, fetal addiction, placental abruption Maternal diabetes as a teratogen Caudal regression syndrome anal atresia to sirenomelia mermaid syndrome Transposition of the great vessels, Neural tube defects, Transient hypoglycemia and Macrosomia beta cell hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome A excess as a teratogen Spontaneous abortions and birth defects cleft palate, cardiac X-rays as a teratogen Polyarteritis nodosa Microcephaly, intellectual disability Use lead shield Arteriosclerosis types Atherosclerosis: Large vessels, lipid plaque with fibrous cap metalloproteinases destabilize it Arteriolosclerosis: small vessels, hyaline thickening benign hypertension or hyperplastic onion skinning severe HTN Always pay attention to the preview in the Printer settings window.
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